Firmware

Firmware refers to software that is permanently stored within a device and controls its basic functions. It forms the interface between hardware and operating system and resides in non-volatile memory such as flash ROM. Firmware is found in almost all electronic components, including switches, routers, firewalls, servers, hard disks, SSDs, RAID controllers and IP phones. Well-known examples are BIOS and UEFI in servers and PCs, as well as network operating systems such as Cisco IOS. Updates are applied through firmware upgrades that add new functions, fix errors and close security vulnerabilities. As outdated firmware represents a considerable security risk, a structured update process is standard practice in IT operations. With refurbished hardware, firmware is checked and brought up to date as part of the reconditioning process.